Low CD4 T-cell counts despite low levels of circulating HIV: Insights from the comparison of HIV-1 infected patients with a discordant response to antiretroviral therapy to patients with untreated advanced HIV-2 disease

A significant proportion of HIV-1+ patients with suppression of viremia under antiretroviral therapy fail to recover CD4+ T-cell counts (ART-Discordants). Similarly, untreated HIV-2+ patients can also exhibit major CD4 depletion in spite of undetectable viremia. We characterize here the immunological disturbances associated with major CD4-lymphopenia in these two scenarios as compared to untreated viremic HIV-1+ patients with similar CD4-lymphopenia and HIV-1+ patients with successful immunological and virological responses under ART. Low CD4 counts were associated with major naive CD4 and CD8 depletion, irrespective of type of infection or ART-exposure. However, ART-Discordants exhibited lower levels of T-cell activation as compared to both untreated HIV-2 and HIV-1 cohorts, and a less marked increase in circulating IL-7 despite similar CD4 depletion. Nevertheless, ART-Discordants showed a preserved Bcl-2 expression, suggesting increased IL-7 consumption, which in conjunction with the relatively lower T-cell activation may contribute to their CD4 count stability and low rate of opportunistic infections.