Study of cardiac structure and function assessed by echocardiography in patients older than 100 years

ObjectiveTo describe the echocardiographic characteristics of nonhospitalized centenarians in the area of Lugo (Spain).MethodWithin a prospective follow-up observational study of 99-year-old and older patients in the area of Lugo (Spain), an echocardiogram was offered to all patients able to move to the clinic. Complete bidimensional and Doppler transthoracic echocardiography were recorded with standard views and procedures.ResultsSixteen patients aged 101 ± 1.3 agreed to perform an echocardiogram. Hypertension was registered in 50% of those subjects and 93% had at least one cardiovascular risk factor, without differences by gender except for smoking (71, 4% male vs. 0% female, P = 0.005). Polypharmacy was common (3.5 ± 1.7 drugs). Charlson index was above 2 points in 37, 5% and mean Barthel index was 59.4 ± 36.1. At the time of the home visit 3 patients had atrial fibrillation. None of the patients included in the study had a normal echocardiogram. Left ventricular hypertrophy was recorded in 43%, systolic dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction < 55%) in 31% (no case of severe degree) and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in 56, 3%. The left atrium diameter was > 40 mm in 8 patients (50%). Mild or moderate valvular lesions were common (93%), mainly mitral or aortic regurgitation. There were no differences by gender.ConclusionOur centenarians had an abnormal echocardiogram, possibly in relation to physiological changes associated with age and the presence of chronic cardiovascular disease. However, they showed no major structural alterations.