Distinct advancements and challenges in HIV 1 vaccine development and cure—A review

HIV vaccine development demands for two crucial needs to be successful; firstly, to identify immunologic vulnerabilities of HIV, and secondly, to develop a vaccine approach that safely and durably exploits such vulnerabilities. Rv144 vaccine trail has laid foundations for identification of HIV vulnerabilities and HIV broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies as an approach for the HIV vaccine development. Even though this trail failed, it provided a platform for the extensive research options and challenges faced in developing successful HIV 1 vaccine candidate. In this review, we are providing various research advancements and challenges faced. Recombinant Adenovirus serotype 26 HIV-1 Env vaccine (IPCAVD 001) has shown that broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies from this is capable of producing antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis, virus inhibition, and degranulation functional activity to a great extent. And many new distinct approaches like B cell aided HIV carbohydrate vaccine design strategies, enhancing strategies for mucosal immunity based vaccine development, new features in HIV 1 Env protein structural studies, and various computational studies are identified, and extensive research is being carried in developing successful vaccine candidate. Apart from research advancements, researchers are facing challenges like hyper variability of HIV, using relevant animal model and, translation of preclinical findings to a human system. This presentation will review the recent distinct challenges and opportunities for development of vaccine candidates capable of eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV.