Emergence of colistin resistance without loss of fitness and virulence after prolonged colistin administration in a patient with extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii

•A. baumannii colistin-resistant strains were selected during colistin therapy.•Colistin-susceptible strain outcompeted resistant strains upon colistin withdrawal.•Both colistin-susceptible and colistin-resistant strains were XDR and showed ST78 genotype.•Colistin-resistant strains harbored P233S mutation in PmrB sensor kinase.•Colistin resistance did not associate with reduced strain fitness and virulence.

The spread of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) gram-negative bacteria has boosted colistin use, with a resultant selection of colistin-resistant, often pandrug-resistant strains. Whether acquisition of further resistance mechanisms translates into a reduced virulence is the subject of active research. In this report, we describe clinical features of an immunocompromised patient who developed infection due to colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii while on long-term colistin therapy. We analyzed phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, molecular mechanisms of colistin resistance, and in vitro and in vivo fitness of sequential colistin-sensitive and colistin-resistant strains isolated from the patient. Both colistin-sensitive and colistin-resistant strains were XDR and showed identical ST78 genotype. At variance with prior reports on colistin-resistant strains of A. baumannii, resistance to colistin due to P233S mutation in PmrB sensor kinase did not associate with any measurable reduction in strain fitness, growth characteristics, and virulence.