CTLA-4 is expressed by human monocyte—derived dendritic cells and regulates their functions

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen–4 (CTLA-4) is the major negative regulator of T-cell responses, although growing evidence supports its wider role as an immune attenuator that may also act in other cell lineages. Here, we have analyzed the expression of CTLA-4 in human monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs), and the effect of its engagement on cytokine production and T-cell stimulatory activity by mature DCs. CTLA-4 was highly expressed on freshly isolated monocytes, then down-modulated upon differentiation toward immature DCs (iDCs) and it was markedly upregulated on mature DCs obtained with different stimulations (lipopolysaccharides [LPS], Poly:IC, cytokines). In line with the functional role of CTLA-4 in T cells, treatment of mDCs with an agonistic anti–CTLA-4 mAb significantly enhanced secretion of regulatory interleukin (IL)–10 but reduced secretion of IL-8/IL-12 pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as autologous CD4+ T-cell proliferation in response to stimulation with recall antigen purified protein derivative (PPD) loaded-DCs. Neutralization of IL-10 with an anti–IL-10 antibody during the mDCs-CD4+ T-cell co-culture partially restored the ability of anti–CTLA-4–treated mDCs to stimulate T-cell proliferation in response to PPD. Taken together, our data provide the first evidence that CTLA-4 receptor is expressed by human monocyte–derived mDCs upon their full activation and that it exerts immune modulatory effects.