γδT17 Cells Promote the Accumulation and Expansion of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Human Colorectal Cancer

•Innate γδT cells are the major cellular source of IL-17 in human CRC•Microbial invasion activates inf-DCs to facilitate γδT17 polarization via IL-23•γδT17 cells mobilize PMN-MDSCs into the tumor to elicit immunosuppression•Tumorous γδT17 cells are correlated with clinicopathological features of human CRC

SummaryDevelopment of cancer has been linked to chronic inflammation, particularly via interleukin-23 (IL-23) and IL-17 signaling pathways. However, the cellular source of IL-17 and underlying mechanisms by which IL-17-producing cells promote human colorectal cancer (CRC) remain poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate that innate γδT (γδT17) cells are the major cellular source of IL-17 in human CRC. Microbial products elicited by tumorous epithelial barrier disruption correlated with inflammatory dendritic cell (inf-DC) accumulation and γδT17 polarization in human tumors. Activated inf-DCs induced γδT17 cells to secrete IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and GM-CSF with a concomitant accumulation of immunosuppressive PMN-MDSCs in the tumor. Importantly, γδT17 cell infiltration positively correlated with tumor stages and other clinicopathological features. Our study uncovers an inf-DC-γδT17-PMN-MDSC regulatory axis in human CRC that correlates MDSC-meditated immunosuppression with tumor-elicited inflammation. These findings suggest that γδT17 cells might be key players in human CRC progression and have the potential for treatment or prognosis prediction.