BAL neutrophilia in azithromycin-treated lung transplant recipients: Clinical significance

•Patients develop airway neutrophilia despite azithromycin therapy.•Worse outcome regarding mortality and CLAD•A possible mechanism of IL-1β might be involved.

BackgroundAzithromycin decreases airway neutrophilia and can prevent chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) after lung transplantation (LTx). It also can be used to treat lymphocytic bronchiolitis, as it decreases the submucosal infiltrating IL-17 positive lymphocytes. Some patients, while receiving azithromycin, (re)develop increased airway neutrophilia, which we hypothesize to result in worse outcome and to be regulated by an IL-17-independent mechanism.MethodsLTx recipients, transplanted between 2001 and 2012, were investigated and categorized in a study group of patients with increased broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) neutrophilia (≥ 15%) and a matched control group with low BAL neutrophilia (< 15%), both groups while already being on azithromycin treatment. CLAD-free and overall survival were compared between groups. Cell differentials and 33 proteins in BAL were analyzed to identify underlying mechanisms.ResultsThe study group (n = 72) demonstrated a significantly lower CLAD-free (p = 0.015) and overall survival (p = 0.041) compared to the control group (n = 37). Absolute BAL neutrophils and eosinophils were increased in the study group, which was paralleled by elevated inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β/IL-1Ra, IL-4 and IL-6) and chemokines (CXCL8/IL-8, CCL2/MCP-1, CCL3/MIP-1α, CCL4/MIP-1β, CCL11/eotaxin) concentrations compared to the control group (all p < 0.05).ConclusionPatients with elevated airway neutrophilia despite azithromycin, experience worse CLAD-free and overall survival. In these patients, IL-1β might play a central role giving rise to neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages and B-cells. This provides an opportunity to further investigate the modulation of this pathway.