The ecology of the Bithynia first intermediate hosts of Opisthorchis viverrini

Opisthorchiasis, together with its associated cholangiocarcinoma, is one of the most important human parasitic diseases on continental Southeast Asia. A great deal of epidemiological data from humans is available on this disease, particularly from the northeast of Thailand, however, only limited information is available on those aspects of the life cycle relating to its Bithynia (Gastropoda) and cyprinid fish intermediate hosts. Here we review the information which is available on the Bithynia hosts of Opisthorchis viverrini. Only one major ecological study has been carried out at one site on a single species of Bithynia. We show not only that detailed ecological studies are required to clarify the epidemiology of opisthorchiasis, but also that the taxonomic status of the Bithynia species transmitting O. viverrini requires clarification.

Graphical abstractBithynia snail intermediate host of the liver fluke (Opisthorchis viverini) in Thailand and Lao PDR.Figure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload as PowerPoint slideHighlights► In the Mekong Subregion Opisthorchis viverrini is a major human pathogen. ► Very limited information is available on the ecology of the Bithynia (Gastropoda) first intermediate hosts. ► We review the information which is available on these Bithynia hosts.