Detecting signatures of balancing selection to identify targets of anti-parasite immunity

Parasite antigen genes might evolve under frequency-dependent immune selection. The distinctive patterns of polymorphism that result can be detected using population genetic methods that test for signatures of balancing selection, allowing genes encoding important targets of immunity to be identified. Analyses can be complicated by population structures, histories and features of a parasite's genome. However, new sequencing technologies facilitate scans of polymorphism throughout parasite genomes to identify the most exceptional gene specific signatures. We focus on malaria parasites to illustrate challenges and opportunities for detecting targets of frequency-dependent immune selection to discover new potential vaccine candidates.