Normalizing Hip Muscle Strength: Establishing Body-Size-Independent Measurements

Bazett-Jones DM, Cobb SC, Joshi MN, Cashin SE, Earl JE. Normalizing hip muscle strength: establishing body-size-independent measurements.ObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness of computing body-size-independent hip strength measures using muscle-specific allometric scaling and ratio standard normalization methods.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingUniversity laboratory.ParticipantsA convenience sample of healthy participants (N=113; 42 men, 71 women).InterventionsNot applicable.Main Outcome MeasuresAnthropometric measurements of the leg and thigh were obtained, and maximal hip strength was tested (medial and lateral rotation, abduction, adduction, flexion, extension). Strength was measured isometrically as force (kg) and then converted to torque (Nm).ResultsThe allometric scaling analysis resulted in exponents for normalizing body mass (BM) in each muscle group assessed. In addition, a 6-muscle average exponent was also computed (bavg) for force (men, .554; women, .335) and torque (men, .792; women, .482). The nonsignificant results of the linear regression analysis revealed that normalizing hip strength to BMbavg (hip strength/BMbavg) effectively removed the influence of BM on force and torque. However, sex should be factored into analyses of allometric scaling because men have higher b-values than women for both force and torque. The linear regression analyses also demonstrated that force normalized to BM (P=.162–.895) and torque normalized to BM × Height (P=.146–.889) were body-size-independent measures. Force normalized to BM0.67 (P=.001–.191) and body mass index (BMI) (P=<.001–.066), and torque normalized to BM (P=.004–.415) and BMI (P<.001) were significantly related to BM and therefore were not body-size independent.ConclusionsNormalizing force and torque to BMbavg is the most effective method of removing body-size dependence and allowing comparisons of persons with differing body sizes.