Molecular markers and their applications in cattle genetic research: A review

India is one the world's five largest producers of livestock and poultry meat. The livestock sector contributes 28% of the country's agriculture gross domestic product and about 5% of the country's overall gross domestic product. Genetic improvement of livestock has been mainly dependent on the selective breeding with superior phenotypes. The use of molecular genetics techniques in association with conventional animal breeding tools are important to balance the process of selection and thus to optimize the animal breeding program. In this regard, the use of molecular markers is significantly important and it certainly has added advantages over conventional breeding techniques. On the basis of techniques used for the detection of molecular markers, two major categories have been identified: hybridization-based and polymerase chain reaction-based markers. Identification and use of markers for milk quality and production traits, disease resistance, and thermo-tolerance will ensure better health and productivity. Also, markers for fertility and carcass quality traits ensure faster and preferred growth in cattle. Apart from these, the use of different markers such as microsatellites for assessment of biodiversity will help the conservation of our indigenous germplasm. The present review deals with molecular markers and their application in versatile aspects that will prove beneficial for researchers and scientists to undertake further research to improve cattle health and production.