Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection *

Hepatitis C is a major cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. There is a significant variation in the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, according to the geographic region investigated. These discrepancies reflect not only distinct epidemiological characteristics among populations, but also differences in methodologies. Although data are scarce, estimates indicate that, in Brazil, the prevalence of HCV infection is intermediate, ranging from 1% to 2%. The most important risk factors for HCV infection include intravenous drug use, blood product transfusion, organ transplantation, hemodialysis, occupational exposure, sexual transmission, and vertical transmission. Due to lack of vaccine or effective post-exposure prophylaxis, the main focus of prevention is to recognize and control these risk factors. In this article, we review the literature on the prevalence of HCV infection, particularly in Brazil. In addition, we discuss the pattern of HCV infection according to the age groups and risk factors.