Failure of Initial Renal Arterial Embolization for Severe Post-Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy Hemorrhage: A Multicenter Study of Risk Factors

Carefully selecting patients for multitract percutaneous nephrolithotomy, making an extra effort to identify all bleeding vessels during angiography and not using gelatin sponge as the only embolic material could potentially decrease the risk of failure of initial superselective renal arterial embolization after percutaneous nephrolithotomy.