Upper Tract Imaging Surveillance is not Effective in Diagnosing Upper Tract Recurrence in Patients Followed for Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer

Upper tract recurrence is a lifelong risk in patients with bladder cancer, but most cases will be missed on routine upper tract imaging. The majority of upper tract urothelial carcinoma can be diagnosed using a combination of thorough history taking, physical examination, urine cytology and sonography, indicating that routine surveillance imaging may not be the most efficient way to detect upper tract recurrence.