Folic acid supplementation in early pregnancy and the risk of preeclampsia, small for gestational age offspring and preterm delivery

ObjectiveTo assess whether folic acid intake during the first trimester of pregnancy is related to pregnancy outcomes preeclampsia, low birth weight or preterm birth.Study designProspective cohort study of 3647 women who were followed from the first trimester of pregnancy. Detailed information on quantity of folic acid intake before and during the first three months of pregnancy was recorded. Pregnancy outcome data were abstracted from obstetric records.ResultsLean mothers who used folic acid supplementation the month before pregnancy had a 40% reduced risk of developing preeclampsia. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for preeclampsia in lean mothers (BMI < 25) who used folic acid supplements the month before pregnancy was 0.6 (95% CI 0.4–1.0). Obese mothers who used folic acid supplementation in the first trimester had an increased, but not statistically significant risk for preterm birth (adjusted OR 1.9 with 95% CI 0.9–4.0). There were no significant associations between folic acid supplementation and low birth weight.ConclusionOur study supports a possible protective effect of folate intake in early pregnancy on preeclampsia in lean mothers. There was no support for any beneficial effect of folic acid use on preterm birth or low birth weight, and we found no evidence of any harmful effects of folate use for the outcomes included in our study.