A Comparison of Postoperative Complications in Open versus Robotic Cystectomy

BackgroundRobotic cystectomy is an emerging alternative for treatment of invasive bladder cancer (BCa). However, reduction in postoperative morbidity relative to the open approach has not been demonstrated.ObjectiveTo compare complication rates in patients undergoing robotic versus open radical cystectomy (RC).Design, setting, and participantsA prospective cohort study of 187 consecutive patients undergoing RC at our institution—104 open RC, 83 robotic RC.InterventionOpen or robotic RC with urinary diversion.MeasurementsDemographic, perioperative, and complication data were recorded prospectively. Thirty-day and 90-d complication rates were assessed using the modified Clavien complication scale. Data were evaluated using χ2 and multivariate logistic regression analyses.Results and limitationsAt 30 d, the open group demonstrated a higher overall complication rate (59% vs 41%; p = 0.04) as well as more major complications (30% vs 10%; p = 0.007). At 90 d, the overall complication rate was greater in the open group, but this was not statistically significant (62% vs 48%; p = 0.07). However, there was a significantly higher major complication rate in the open cohort (31% vs 17%; p = 0.03). When subjected to logistic regression analysis, robotic cystectomy was an independent predictor of fewer overall and major complications at 30 and 90 d. High American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score (3–4) and longer surgical time were independent predictors of major complications. Though this is one of the largest published RC series, the sample size is relatively small. Moreover, despite the two patient cohorts being similarly matched, the study was not performed in a randomized fashion.ConclusionsPatients undergoing robotic cystectomy experienced fewer postoperative complications than those undergoing open cystectomy. Robotic cystectomy is an independent predictor of fewer overall and major complications. Until long-term oncologic results are available, robotic cystectomy should still be considered investigational.