Vesicoureteral Reflux: Current Trends in Diagnosis, Screening, and Treatment

ContextVesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is present in approximately 1% of children in North America and Europe and is associated with an increased risk of pyelonephritis and renal scarring. Despite its prevalence and potential morbidity, however, many aspects of VUR management are controversial.ObjectiveReview the evidence surrounding current controversies in VUR diagnosis, screening, and treatment.Evidence acquisitionA systematic review was performed of Medline, Embase, Prospero, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, clinicaltrials.gov, and the most recent guidelines of relevant medical specialty organizations.Evidence synthesisWe objectively assessed and summarized the published data, focusing on recent areas of controversy relating to VUR screening, diagnosis, and treatment.ConclusionsThe evidence base for many current management patterns in VUR is limited. Areas that could significantly benefit from additional future research include improved identification of children who are at risk for VUR-related renal morbidity, improved stratification tools for determining which children would benefit most from which VUR treatment option, and improved reporting of long-term outcomes of VUR treatments.