Retinopathy in Nondiabetic Persons with the Metabolic Syndrome: Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

In this population-based, cross-sectional study, there was no evidence of an association between the metabolic syndrome and retinopathy independent of diabetes status. Prospective studies are warranted to determine the significance of the metabolic syndrome for predicting risk of ocular and systemic disease independent of diabetes.