Two-year multicenter, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled, parallel safety and efficacy study of 2% pirenzepine ophthalmic gel in children with myopia

PurposeTo evaluate if the safety and efficacy of the relatively selective M1-antagonist, pirenzepine, in slowing the progression of myopia in children is sustained over a 2-year period.MethodsThis was a multicenter, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, double-masked, randomized clinical trial. Enrolled were children aged 8 to 12 years, with entry spherical equivalent refractive error of −0.75 to −4.00 D and astigmatism ≤1.00 D. Patients were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to receive 2% pirenzepine ophthalmic gel or a placebo control (vehicle), twice daily to each eye. The main outcome measure was spherical equivalent refractive error via cycloplegic autorefraction.ResultsAt study entry, spherical equivalent was −2.10 ± 0.90 D (mean ± SD) for the pirenzepine group (n = 117) and −1.93 ± 0.83 D for the placebo group (n = 57; p = 0.22). At 1 year, there was a mean increase in myopia of 0.26 D in the pirenzepine group versus 0.53 D in the placebo group (p < 0.001). Eighty-four patients elected to continue for a second year (pirenzepine = 53, placebo = 31). At 2 years, the mean increase in myopia was 0.58 D for the pirenzepine group and 0.99 D for the placebo group (p = 0.008). Thirteen (11%) pirenzepine patients dropped out due to adverse effects in the first year, and 1 did so in the second year.ConclusionsPirenzepine ophthalmic gel 2% was effective compared with placebo in slowing the progression of myopia over a 2-year treatment period and demonstrated a clinically acceptable safety profile.