Inconsistent channel bandwidth estimates suggest winner-take-all nonlinearity in second-order vision

The processing of texture patterns has been characterized by a model that postulates a first-stage linear filter to highlight a component texture, a pointwise rectification stage to convert contrast for the highlighted texture into mean response strength, followed by a second-stage linear filter to detect the texture-defined pattern. We estimated the spatial-frequency bandwidth of the second-stage filter mediating orientation discrimination of orientation-modulated second-order gratings by measuring threshold elevation in the presence of filtered noise added to the modulation signal. This experiment yielded no evidence for frequency tuning. A second experiment, in which subjects had to detect similar second-order gratings while judging their modulation frequency, produced bandwidth estimates of 1–1.5 octaves, similar to estimated bandwidths of first-order channels. We propose that an additional dominant-response-selection nonlinearity can account for these apparently contradictory results.

► We examine visual filters sensitive to orientation-modulated texture patterns. ► We report two independent measures of spatial-frequency bandwidth. ► Noise masking reveals no evidence for frequency tuning of second-order channels. ► Performance in frequency discrimination suggests 1–1.5 octave channel bandwidth. ► A winner-takes-all nonlinearity accounts for both results in observer models.