Exclusion failure does not demonstrate unconscious perception II: Evidence from a forced-choice exclusion task

Systematic failure to perform exclusion (making a response that opposes the participant’s natural inclinations) for briefly displayed, masked words has been interpreted as evidence of unconscious perception. The present study required participants to make a forced-choice exclusion after viewing masked word targets. The forced-choice exclusion task was properly performed in all experiments, in contrast to previous studies that have utilized stem-completion as a dependent variable. The exclusion failure effects interpreted as unconscious perception in earlier studies appear to be caused by an insensitive dependent variable (stem-completion) rather than unconscious perception.