Biomechanical Analysis of the Knee With Partial Anterior Cruciate Ligament Disruption: Quantitative Evaluation Using an Electromagnetic Measurement System

PurposeTo investigate the biomechanical function of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) remnants in ACL-deficient knees with both partial and complete tears.MethodsTwenty partial ACL–deficient (group P), 20 complete ACL–deficient (group C), and 40 contralateral ACL-intact knees were examined. The end point during the Lachman test, side-to-side differences of KT-1000 measurements, and the pivot shift test were evaluated. Additionally, the side-to-side difference of anterior tibial translation during the Lachman test and the acceleration during the pivot shift test were calculated using an electromagnetic measurement system (EMS).ResultsThe end point was found in 9 patients in group P, whereas it was not detected in group C. In KT-1000 measurements, the mean side-to-side differences were 3.8 ± 2.4 mm in group P and 5.4 ± 2.3 mm in group C. There was a significant difference between these 2 groups (P < .05). In the pivot shift test evaluation in group P, one patient was evaluated as grade 0, 17 patients as grade 1+, and 2 patients as grade 2+. In group C, 10 patients were evaluated as grade 1+, 9 patients as grade 2+, and one patient as grade 3+. Using the EMS, mean side-to-side differences during the Lachman test were 3.1 ± 2.1 mm in group P and 7.2 ± 3.2 mm in group C. The anterior-posterior displacement in group P was significantly less than that in group C (P < .05). In the quantitative pivot shift test, the mean acceleration in the contralateral ACL-intact knees was −632.7 ± 254.5 mm/s2, whereas it was −1107.5 ± 398.9 mm/s2 in group P and −1652.2 ± 754.9 mm/s2 in group C. Significant differences were detected between the 3 knee conditions (P < .05).ConclusionsThe quantitative assessments of knees with partial ACL ruptures during the Lachman test and the pivot shift test using the EMS showed less laxity than did knees with complete ACL tears, whereas their laxity was greater than the contralateral knees with intact ACLs.Level of EvidenceLevel III, diagnostic study of nonconsecutive patients.