(iii) Material properties of biological tissues related to joint surgery

SummaryThe mechanical characteristics of biological materials underpin proper joint function. Changes to these structures through repair or replacement without appreciating the underlying structure–function relationships are likely to alter joint kinematics and predispose the joint to osteoarthritis and other degenerative changes.This paper will review the mechanical characteristics of bone, cartilage, the menisci, tendons and ligaments. In-depth knowledge of the mechanical behaviour of these structures is essential for replicating their mechanical function, but also provides a means to identify the perhaps still unappreciated function of many tissues. The paper aims to instil a general appreciation for all tissues of the human joints, hoping that future surgeons will proceed with caution and understanding when repairing or replacing tissue.