Production of biodiesel from mixed waste vegetable oils using Ferric hydrogen sulphate as an effective reusable heterogeneous solid acid catalyst

Biodiesel production by simultaneous esterification and transesterification of waste oil with methanol has been studied in a heterogeneous system using solid ferric hydrogen sulphate [Fe (HSO4)3] acid catalyst. The catalyst was prepared by displacement reaction followed by calcination at 400 °C for 3 h. The prepared catalyst was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), Brunner-Emmett-Teller surface area measurement (BET), thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) and temperature-programmed desorption of NH3 (TPD - NH3). Furthermore, the dependence of the conversion of mixed waste oil on the reactions variables such as the molar ratio of methanol/oil, the amount of catalysts used, reaction temperatures, reusability were also investigated. The catalyst was reused many times with slight loss in activity and the maximum yield of 94.5% was achieved at the optimized conditions of reaction temperature of 205 °C; stirring speed of 350 rpm, 1:15 molar ratio of oil to alcohol and 1% w/w catalyst loading.

Graphical abstractFigure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload high-quality image (42 K)Download as PowerPoint slideHighlights► The catalyst was prepared through replacement reaction (sulfation). ► The high activity of the catalyst was described to strong acidity. ► Fe (HSO4)3 is able to convert simultaneously TAG and FFA in FAMEs with high yield. ► The maximum yield was achieved as 94.5% at optimized condition. ► It is possible to convert oils with very high FFAs content into FAMEs.