Minimally invasive proximal biceps tenodesis: an anatomical study for optimal placement and safe surgical technique

BackgroundAn anatomic study specifically investigating the optimal location for proximal biceps tenodesis and detailing the topographic relationship to neurovascular structures has not been conducted.MethodsTwelve cadaveric upper extremities were dissected to identify the proximal biceps musculotendinous junction and topographic relationships to neighboring neurovascular structures.ResultsThe musculotendinous junction of the long head of the biceps tendon was on average 2.2 cm distal to the superior border and 3.1 cm proximal from the inferior border of the pectoralis major tendon. The musculocutaneous nerve was on average 2.6 cm medial to the long head of the biceps at the musculotendinous junction. The distance from the lesser tuberosity to the musculotendinous junction of the long head of the biceps averaged 5.4 cm. The distance from the anterior humeral circumflex vessels to the musculotendinous junction of the long head of the biceps was 4.6 cm on average. The distance from the musculotendinous junction of the long head of the biceps to the musculocutaneous nerve as it pierces the coracobrachialis was 4.6 cm.ConclusionIn order to restore the appropriate length-tension relationship of the biceps muscle, proximal biceps tenodesis should possibly be placed closer to the superior border of the pectoralis major tendon than previously thought. The lesser tuberosity can be used as a tactile landmark for appropriate intraoperative placement. Although there is a relatively safe “buffer zone” between the location of the tenodesis and adjacent neurovascular structures, extreme caution must be used.