(iv) Cauda equina syndrome

Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is a relatively uncommon but serious condition arising from a compressive lesion in the lumbar spine canal. This gives rise to a complex of symptoms including bladder dysfunction. The most common causes are disc herniation, tumour, abscess, haematoma, fracture and spinal stenosis. While clinical history and examination are important, diagnosis is usually made by imaging modalities such as MRI or CT myelography. Once diagnosed, emergency decompression surgery is necessary to prevent permanent neurological dysfunction.