Biologic Factors Influencing Osteonecrosis: Steroids, Statins, Ethanol, Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Antiretroviral Therapy, and Smoking

Although the exact pathophysiology of osteonecrosis remains unknown, it has been associated with a wide range of conditions. Early detection and intervention are keys to salvaging the joint. Therefore awareness of well-established risk factors and associated disorders can assist in early detection and possible prevention of hip joint destruction. This review paper describes the current knowledge of the condition and analyzes the associated risk factors including steroids, statins, ethanol, HIV and antiretroviral therapy and smoking as well as discusses the strategies to minimize the morbidity.