Controversies and potential risk of mesenchymal stem cells application

Advances in tissue engineering and stem cell biology have improved our understanding of MSC and their potential clinical application. However, the culture, proliferation, and differentiation of MSCs while maintaining genetic and epigenetic stability remains a challenge towards the incorporation of stem cells in the clinical setting. Despite the advances of molecular biology and stem cell testing technology, the genetic stability of mesenchymal stem cells remains elusive. In addition, potential risk of carcinogenesis, promotion of pre-existing tumor growth, and viral transmission associated with mesenchymal stem cell use remains a concern. This review will explore the potential risks and controversies associated with mesenchymal stem cell application in the treatment and management of spinal pathologies.