Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring in adult spine surgery

Contemporary multimodal intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring techniques have enabled spine surgeons to safely address complex spinal abnormalities while ensuring the functional integrity of the surrounding neural elements. Advancements in intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring have facilitated the use of invasive techniques with more robust instrumentation. This review describes the nuances of intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring in adult spine surgery with a critical emphasis on the diagnostic capabilities of various monitoring modalities.