Current Status of Imaging of the Intervertebral Disc

A brief review of intervertebral disc anatomy and the pathologic changes seen with degenerative disc disease is presented. Degenerative changes may be seen in all three components of the intervertebral disc: the annulus fibrosus, the nucleus pulposus, and the vertebral endplates. Findings seen in disc degeneration by plain radiographs, computed tomography, myelography, magnetic resonance imaging, and discography are summarized. Current and proposed methods for classification of degenerative disc changes are discussed. Finally, mention is made of emerging techniques and future methodologies for improving understanding between the imaging findings of degenerative disc disease and the development of pain.