Mediastinal neuroendocrine tumours

The spectrum of neuroendocrine tumours that may arise in the mediastinal compartment is as varied as their clinical behaviour. Because these tumours may share similar histological features and immunohistochemical profile, it is essential to properly establish a good clinical–radiological and pathological correlation. Some of these tumours by virtue of sharing similar histological features and immunoprofile may be classified into tumours that require more aggressive treatment while in fact they may represent tumours of indolent behaviour in which surgical resection is the treatment of choice. Herein we will review the most salient features of this group of tumours and highlight the important pitfalls in their interpretation, and more importantly their separation into specific entities. In addition, in some of the more aggressive neoplasms, the importance of proper classification is emphasized to provide more meaningful information regarding prognosis and behaviour of the tumour.