Etherification of aldehydes, alcohols and their mixtures on Pd/SiO2 catalysts

Dialkyl ethers have been selectively produced from etherification of aldehydes and alcohols on supported Pd catalysts. A yield of 79% ether with a selectivity of 90% was observed when feeding 2-methylpentanal with 2-methylpentanol at a molar ratio 1:1 at 125 °C. Cross etherification of n-butanol with 2-methylpentanal shows a much higher rate than that observed when the alcohol or aldehyde is fed alone. This enhanced activity is in line with the catalyst requirement for large ensembles that allow surface alkoxide species next to η2 adsorbed aldehydes. Etherification when only aldehyde or alcohol is fed arises predominantly due to aldehyde–alcohol inter-conversion to produce the necessary co-reactant. The ether yield at the same reaction conditions decreases with metal loading in the order 16 > 10 > 3 wt.% Pd. Increasing reduction temperature also increases ether yield. It is apparent that etherification is highly sensitive to metal particle morphology, consistent with needing ensembles that accommodate the two adjacent adsorption sites.

Graphical abstractDialkyl ethers have been selectively produced from etherification of aldehydes and alcohols on supported Pd catalysts. A yield of 79% ether with a selectivity of 90% was observed when feeding 2-methylpentanal with 2-methylpentanol at a molar ratio 1:1 at 125 °C. Etherification when only aldehyde or alcohol is fed arises due to aldehyde–alcohol inter-conversion to produce the necessary co-reactant.Figure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload high-quality image (52 K)Download as PowerPoint slide