Carotid stenting with low-dose contrast medium for patients with moderate-to-severe chronic renal insufficiency: Keyhole carotid stenting

Herein, we describe a new carotid stenting approach for four patients with moderate-to-severe chronic renal insufficiency, who have a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) between 15 and 59 mL/min/1.73 m2, using a minimum dose of contrast medium (12 mL at a 50% dilution) and SmartMask™ technology as an alternative to carotid endarterectomy.