Endovascular Treatment of Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding From Systemic-to-Mesenteric Venous Collateral Vessels Caused by Inferior Vena Cava Occlusion: Report of Two Cases

The present report describes two cases of chronic lower gastrointestinal bleeding caused by systemic-to-mesenteric venous collateral vessels resulting from longstanding inferior vena cava obstruction. They were successfully treated with caval balloon angioplasty and stent placement. No recurrent bleeding was seen at 15 and 24 months of follow up, respectively.