Persistent and Recurrent Postsurgical Varicoceles: Venographic Anatomy and Treatment with N-butyl Cyanoacrylate Embolization

Duplication of the gonadal vein in the pelvic or inguinal region with apparent incomplete ligation or resection is a common finding in patients with persistence or recurrence of varicocele after surgery. NBCA embolization effectively treats these duplicated vessels, resulting in a high rate of clinical success on short-term follow-up.