Increased Plasma Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), Tissue Inhibitor of Proteinase-1 (TIMP-1), TIMP-2, and Urine MMP-2 Concentrations Correlate With Proteinuria in Renal Transplant Recipients

BackgroundThe most frequent cause of kidney allograft loss is chronic allograft injury, often with proteinuria as the clinical feature. Occurrence of proteinuria late after kidney transplantation is associated with worse graft function and patient survival.AimThe aim of the study was to assess plasma and urine matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2) in proteinuric renal transplant recipients (RTRs). The factors were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 150 RTRs (51 women and 99 men), aged 49.2 ± 11.5 years, at mean 73.4 ± 41.2 months after kidney transplantation (range: 12 to 240 months).ResultsProteinuric RTRs compared with non-proteinuric RTRs had higher median plasma MMP-2 (P = .012), TIMP-1 (P = .0003), and TIMP-2 (P = .0021) concentrations, as well as higher urine MMP-2 (P < .0001) excretion. The presence of proteinuria had no impact on plasma MMP-9 and urine MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2. Proteinuria and estimated daily proteinuria (uPr:uCr) correlated positively with plasma MMP-2 (rs = 0.226, P = .0054 and rs = 0.241, P = .003), TIMP-1 (rs = 0.305, P = .00015 and rs = 0.323, P = .000055), TIMP-2 (rs = 0.273, P = .0007 and rs = 0.269, P = .001) and urine MMP-2 (rs = 0.464, P < .0001 and rs = 0.487, P < .0001), respectively. Proteinuric RTRs had impaired graft function with higher median serum creatinine concentrations (1.91 [1.60–2.43] mg/dL versus 1.41 [1.20–1.65] mg/dL, P < .00001) and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (36 [28–45] mL/min/1.73 m2 versus 53 [43–61] mL/min/1.73 m2, P < .00001) than RTRs without proteinuria.ConclusionsOur research revealed that in RTRs, proteinuria was significantly associated with increased concentrations of enzymes involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation: plasma MMP-2, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and urine MMP-2. Findings strongly emphasize increased plasma TIMPs in proteinuric RTRs that inhibit degradation of ECM by MMPs and favor excessive deposition of ECM proteins.