Immunosuppression and Rejection in Human Hand Transplantation

Avoidance or at least minimization of maintenance immunosuppression represents the key step for promoting wider applicability of reconstructive transplantation. Understanding the mechanisms of composite tissue allograft rejection is essential in working toward that goal. We herein review the current knowledge on acute rejection in reconstructive transplantation and discuss findings in the light of novel immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory strategies.