Use of Personalized Printed 3-Dimensional Kidney Models for Simulation before Nephron Sparing Surgery: Methodology and Examples from a Case Series

We describe the creation of personalized 3-dimensional kidney models to facilitate the visualization of the renal mass and its relationship with surrounding structures, the identification of renal and tumor vasculature, and the evaluation of aberrant anatomy. These 3-dimensional models represent a valuable tool for preoperative planning and simulation in cases with complex anatomical considerations.