Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) following traumatic brain injury (TBI): Opportunities and challenges

•TBI as a unique target of opportunity for CAM treatments.•CAM research, clinical application: civilian, veteran and military service populations.•CAM translational capacity: clinical research to clinical practice.•Developing an adoptable evidence base for CAM.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is highly prevalent and occurs in a variety of populations. Because of the complexity of its sequelae, treatment strategies pose a challenge. Given this complexity, TBI provides a unique target of opportunity for complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatments. The present review describes and discusses current opportunitites and challenges associated with CAM research and clinical applications in civilian, veteran and military service populations. In addition to a brief overview of CAM, the translational capacity from basic to clinical research to clinical practice will be described. Finally, a systematic approach to developing an adoptable evidence base, with proof of effectiveness based on the literature will be discussed. Inherent in this discussion will be the methodological and ethical challenges associated with CAM research in those with TBI and associated comorbidities, specifically in terms of how these challenges relate to practice and policy issues, implementation and dissemination.This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:Brain injury and recovery.