Synapse loss regulated by matrix metalloproteinases in traumatic brain injury is associated with hypoxia inducible factor-1α expression

The present study assessed the role of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and -9 in synapse loss after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the role of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), a transcription factor up-regulated during hypoxia, in the regulation of MMP-2 and -9 expression post-TBI. Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 6 per group, 400 g–425 g) were injured using Marmarou's closed-head acceleration impact model and allowed to survive for 1, 4, 24 and 48 h. In another set of experiments, 30 min after TBI, animals were treated with Minocycline (inhibitor of MMPs), or 2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME2, inhibitor of HIF-1α) and sacrificed at 4 h after injury. Relative amounts of synaptophysin, a presynaptic vesicular protein, HIF-1α, as well as MMP-2 and -9 were assessed by real-time PCR and Western blotting. Activity levels of MMP-2 and -9 were determined by zymography. Synaptophysin expression was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased at 1 h through 48 h after TBI. A significant increase in gene and protein expressions of HIF-1α, MMP-2 and -9, as well as enzyme activity of MMP-2 and -9 at the same time points was also detected. Inhibition of either MMPs or HIF-1α significantly reversed the TBI-induced decrease in synaptophysin. Inhibition of HIF-1α reduced expression of MMP-2 and -9. This study showed an early detection of a correlation between synaptic loss and MMP expression after TBI. The data also supports a role for HIF-1α in the MMP regulatory cascade in synapse loss after TBI, suggesting potential targets for reducing loss of synaptic terminals.