Control processes in verbal working memory: An event-related potential study

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded using a large electrode array while subjects engaged in tasks designed to dissociate control from storage/maintenance processes in verbal working memory (WM). Increased ERP negativity (450–900 ms post-stimulus onset) over left frontal regions emerged only when required dynamic updating/revision of WM stores was initiated, with augmentation of right frontal negativity in the same epoch relative to more general overall task demands. Increased ERP positivity in a similar time window over parietal regions reflected initiation of required rehearsal/maintenance of memory set contents, with progressive amplitude increases with repeated dynamic updating/revision of memory stores, suggesting increased effortful activity to resist proactive interference effects. These findings are consistent with a left frontal-parietal network for process control in verbal working memory.