The prefrontal–limbic network in depression: Modulation by hypothalamus, basal ganglia and midbrain

The anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala and hippocampus form part of an interconnected prefrontal neocortical and limbic archicortical network that is dysregulated in major depressive disorders (MDD). Modulation of this prefrontal–limbic network (PLN) is principally through the hypothalamus, basal ganglia and midbrain. Here the likely mechanisms by which these modulations are affected are described and the implications of their failure for depression associated with suicidal diathesis, late-life and psychoses discussed.

Research highlights► The prefrontal–limbic network is now a key focus of research into depression. ► What has not been highlighted are the major regulatory mechanisms that act on this network. ► Here the action of three of these is detailed, namely that of the hypothalamic-pituitary–adrenal axis, the basal ganglia and the midbrain.