Habitat specificity can blur the predictions of species–energy theory: A case study of tenebrionid beetles adapted to aridity

Species–energy theory predicts a positive relationship between species richness and energy. The mechanism assumed by this theory is that high energy promotes high population abundance, which in turn promotes high species richness. Evaluations of this mechanism have rendered conflicting evidence, suggesting that more effort is needed to understand the theory’s limitations. Several studies have addressed these limitations, contributing to expand the theory’s scope by incorporating energy variation, whereas others have demonstrated scale dependence of the more individuals hypothesis. We propose that another limitation of this theory is related to its application to groups of species with strong habitat specificity. We suggest that the expected relationship between energy and richness is not necessarily positive at large scales for groups of species adapted to harsh environments. Using data on tenebrionid beetles from arid areas of southern South America, we contrasted four hypotheses that lead to contrasting predictions about the strength and direction of the species–energy relationship on tenebrionid richness. We found a negative relationship between richness and energy availability. We propose that this negative relationship is the result of a constraint in the mechanisms assumed by species−energy theory because organisms evolve adaptations to survive climatic harshness, which influences population abundances.

► Species–energy theory predicts that energy influences positively species richness. ► We consider that habitat specificity can blur this prediction. ► Using data on insects adapted to aridity we evaluate the species−energy theory. ► We found a negative relationship between species richness and energy availability. ► This negative relationship is the first reported between invertebrates and energy.