High-frequency water quality time series in precipitation and streamflow: From fragmentary signals to scientific challenge

Eighteen months of 7-hourly analyses of rainfall and stream water chemistry are presented, spanning a wide range of chemical determinands and building on over 20 years of weekly records for the moorland headwaters of the river Severn. The high-frequency time series data show that hydrochemical responses to major hydrological and biological drivers of short-term variability in rainfall and rivers are not captured by conventional low-frequency monitoring programmes. A wealth of flow related, flow independent, diurnal, seasonal and annual fluctuations indicate a cacophony of interactions within the catchment and stream. The complexity of the chemical dynamics is visually obvious, although there appears to be no clear way of translating this complexity into a simple algorithm. The work provides a proof of concept for the complex structure of catchment functioning revealed by extensive high-frequency measurements coupled with high analytical sensitivity and reproducibility. It provides new insights into hydrogeochemical functioning and a novel resource for catchment modelling.

► Eighteen months of 7 hour rainfall/runoff chemistry data presented for a wide range of solutes. ► Wide ranging, short-term responses are not captured by lower sampling frequencies. ► Proof of concept for the complex structure of catchment functioning revealed. ► New insights into hydrochemical functioning. ► A novel resource for catchment science.