The occurrence of hazardous volatile elements and nanoparticles in Bulgarian coal fly ashes and the effect on human health exposure

Low-rank, high-mineral matter Bulgarian coals were studied using a variety of chemical, optical, and electron beam methods. The larger fly ash carbon phases include charred carbons in contrast to coked carbons present in the fly ashes of bituminous-coal-derived fly ashes. Nanoscale carbons include multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) encapsulating Hg, Se, and As, among other elements. In addition to the glass which dominates the fly ash, relatively coarse ‘rock fragments’, consisting of an unmelted to partially melted core surrounded by a glassy rim, are present in the fly ash. Nano-scale minerals can contain hazardous elements and, along with metal-bearing multiwalled nanotubes, can be a path for the entry of hazardous particles into the lungs and other organs.

Graphical abstractFigure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload as PowerPoint slideHighlights► We model Bulgarian power plants which have regulated minerals nanoparticles can contain hazardous elements. ► We study changes in the level of information about nanominerals importance and the effect on human health exposure. ► Increasing information will increase quality if power plants procedures are similar.