Seasonal and diurnal variations of ambient PM2.5 concentration in urban and rural environments in Beijing

Three years of measurement of PM2.5 with 5-min time resolution was conducted from 2005 to 2007 in urban and rural environments in Beijing to study the seasonal and diurnal variations in PM2.5 concentration. Pronounced seasonal variation was observed in the urban area, with the highest concentrations typically observed in the winter and the lowest concentrations generally found in the summer. In the rural area, the maximum in PM2.5 concentration usually appeared during the spring, followed by a second maximum in the summer, while the minimum generally occurred in the winter. Significant diurnal variations in PM2.5 concentration were observed in both urban and rural areas. In the urban area, the PM2.5 concentration displays a bimodal pattern, with peaks between 7:00 and 8:00 a.m. and between 7:00 and 11:00 p.m. The minimum generally appears around noon. The morning peak is attributed to enhanced anthropogenic activity during rush hours. The decreases of boundary layer height and wind speed in the afternoon companying with increased source activity during the afternoon rush hour result in the highest PM2.5 concentration during evening hours. In the rural area, the PM2.5 concentration shows a unimodal pattern with a significant peak between 5:00 and 11:00 p.m.The seasonal and diurnal variations in PM2.5 concentration in the urban area are mostly dominated by the seasonal and diurnal variability of boundary layer and source emissions. The year-to-year variability of rainfall also has an important influence on the seasonal variation of PM2.5 in the urban area. The seasonal and diurnal wind patterns are more important factors for PM2.5 variation in the rural area. Southerly winds carry pollutants emitted in southern urban areas northward and significantly enhance the PM2.5 concentration level in the rural area.