Effect of amendments on windrow composting of sugar industry pressmud

Bioconversion of sugar and distillery industrial wastes with other biodegradables into enriched compost is an important possibility in need of research. In this paper, changes in temperature and physico-chemical (pH, NH4+–N, C/N ratio, CEC) parameters during windrow composting, related to biological stabilization of the compost, were studied. The rise in temperature, which occurred as composting progressed, was accompanied by an increase in NH4+–N and the passage of the thermophilic phase to mesophilic took place between 90 and 105 days. This overall pattern was observed in all composting mixes, whereby the concentrations of NH4+–N increased rapidly and then declined gradually over the course of monitoring pari passu   with increase in NO3-–N. The C/N ratios of the composting mixes decreased substantially by the 90th day in full thermophilic phase and became comparatively stable later on. Addition of additives showed potential in improving the C/N ratios. Increases in cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the germination index value of a sensitive crop (Raphanus sativus  ) had value in establishing the optimum degree of maturity. The rise and fall of temperature and changes in NH4+–N concentrations, C/N ratios and CEC over time proved to be reliable indicators of the progress of the composting process for establishing biological stability and compost maturity.