Degradation of carbamazepine in environmentally relevant concentrations in water by Hydrodynamic-Acoustic-Cavitation (HAC)

The antiepileptic drug carbamazepine is one of the most abundant pharmaceuticals in the German aquatic environment. The effect of low carbamazepine concentrations (1–50 μg L−1) is discussed controversially, but ecotoxicological studies revealed reproduction toxicity, decreased enzymatic activity and bioaccumulation in different test organisms. Therefore, as a preventive step, an efficient and cost-effective technique for wastewater treatment plants is needed to stop the entry of pharmaceuticals into the aquatic environment. Cavitation, the formation, growth, and subsequent collapse of gas- or vapor-filled bubbles in fluids, was applied to solve this problem. The technique of Hydrodynamic-Acoustic-Cavitation was used showing high synergistic effect. Under optimized conditions carbamazepine (5 μg L−1) was transformed by pseudo-first order kinetics to an extent of >96% within 15 min (27% by hydrodynamic cavitation, 33% by acoustic cavitation). A synergistic effect of 63% based on the sum of the single methods was calculated. Carbamazepine concentrations were monitored by a sensitive and selective immunoassay and after 60 min no known metabolites were detectable by LC-MS/MS.

Graphical abstractFigure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload high-quality image (116 K)Download as PowerPoint slideHighlights► The technique of Hydrodynamic-Acoustic-Cavitation shows high synergistic effects. ► Carbamazepine can be degraded up to 96% in only 15 min by pseudo-first order kinetics. ► Hydrodynamic-Acoustic-Cavitation shows the best economical and technological properties. ► Carbamazepine is mineralized to an extent of 1/3. ► Parallel degradation mechanism to hydroxylated intermediates.