Benzene removal by a novel modification of enhanced anaerobic biostimulation

A novel modification of enhanced anaerobic bioremediation techniques was developed by using non-activated persulfate to accelerate the organic phosphorus breakdown and then stimulate benzene biodegradation by nitrate and sulfate reduction. Benzene concentrations in groundwater where nitrate, triethyl phosphate and persulfate were successfully injected were reduced at removal efficiencies greater than 77% to the levels below the applicable guideline. Soil benzene was removed effectively by the modification of the enhanced anaerobic bioremediation with removal efficiencies ranging between 75.9% and 92.8%. Geochemical analytical results indicated that persulfate effectively breaks down triethyl phosphate into orthophosphate, thereby promoting nitrate and sulfate utilization. Microbial analyses (quantitative polymerase chain reaction, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and 16S ribosomal RNA) demonstrated that benzene was primarily biodegraded by nitrate reduction while sulfate reduction played an important role in benzene removal at some portions of the study site. Enrichment in the heavier carbon isotope 13C of residual benzene with the increased removal efficiency provided direct evidence for benzene biodegradation. Nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen isotope analyses indicated that both nitrate reduction and sulfate reduction were occurring as bioremediation mechanisms.

Graphical abstractFigure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload high-quality image (141 K)Download as PowerPoint slideHighlights► Enhanced anaerobic bioremediation was modified by using persulfate. ► Benzene in soil and groundwater was effectively removed by the novel modification. ► Addition of persulfate effectively broke down organic triethyl phosphate into orthophosphate. ► Released orthophosphate stimulated nitrate reduction and sulfate reduction. ► Nitrate reduction and sulfate reduction were primary mechanisms for anaerobic benzene removal.