Understanding how brass ball valves passing certification testing can cause elevated lead in water when installed

The lead leaching potential of new brass plumbing devices has come under scrutiny as a significant source of lead in drinking water (>300 μg/L) of new buildings around the world. Experiments were conducted using ball valves that were sold as certified and known to have caused problems in practice, in order to better understand how installed products could create such problems, even if they passed “leaching tests” such as National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) Standard 61 Section 8. Diffusion of lead from within the device into water when installed can increase lead leaching by orders of magnitude relative to results of NSF testing, which once only required exposure of very small volumes of water within the device. “Normalization” of the lead-in-water result tended to produce estimates of lead concentration that were much lower than actual lead measured at the tap. Finally, the presence of flux could also dramatically increase lead leaching, whereas high water velocity had relatively little effect.

Graphical abstractFigure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload high-quality image (123 K)Download as PowerPoint slideHighlights► The prior NSF Section 8 test protocol could markedly underestimate lead “at the tap”. ► Diffusion was a critical factor in increasing lead leaching. ► Plumbing flux increased lead in water beyond expectations based on NSF testing.